This article isn’t really about Joey Ortiz. Or, well, it is, but it’s also about how numbers will fool you. Let’s start with a few numbers, then. Ortiz is walking 12.9% of the time so far this year, far more than average and far more than he ever did in the high minors. He’s chasing pitches outside of the strike zone only 24% of the time, a huge change in approach. Last year in the minor leagues, that number stood at 34.5%. As a result, he’s swinging and missing far less often. There’s the story of how Ortiz has improved.

Just one problem: That story doesn’t hold up to closer examination. Let’s break the strike zone up into four parts the way Baseball Savant and the Statcast team do it. There’s the heart of the plate (heart), the edges of the plate and the area just off of it (shadow), the area where good breaking pitches often end up (chase), and the land of non-competitive pitches (waste). You’d expect Ortiz to swing less frequently than average at chase and waste pitches. You’d be wrong:

That’s baffling. For comparison’s sake, teammate Rhys Hoskins has similar chase and zone swing rates, and he’s swinging at 17% of chase pitches and 1% of waste pitches. He’s also swinging more frequently than Ortiz at pitches over the heart of the plate.

The reason this can happen is the shadow zone. Those are the toughest pitches to judge, and in aggregate batters have a tough time telling ball from strike in that area. They’re swinging at 59.9% of shadow zone pitches that cross the zone, as opposed to 43.6% of the time at pitches that just barely miss the rulebook zone. In other words, hitters are swinging less, but they’re still getting fooled quite often. That makes good intuitive sense. When a hitter takes a pitch a fraction of an inch off the plate, someone is likely to say “I don’t know how he managed to take that” or “what a take!” It’s incredibly difficult to lay off of those near misses.

Only, it hasn’t been difficult for Ortiz. He’s fairly unremarkable when it comes to swinging at shadow pitches in the zone, which I’ll call “shadow-in” pitches; his 53% shadow-in swing rate is less than league average but not by a staggering amount. How about shadow-out? He’s suddenly Juan Soto, with a 25.2% swing rate. In fact, Soto swings 30.8% of the time at those pitches. Only three players in all of baseball – Andrew McCutchen, Jonathan India, and LaMonte Wade Jr. – are fishing less frequently on those extremely difficult pitches.

That’s impressive. But it goes from impressive to confusing when you consider the rest of what he’s doing. If a batter has the requisite skills to separate the pitches that clip the zone from the ones that just miss it, we’d expect them to mash pitches down the heart of the plate and ignore bad ones. But Ortiz isn’t doing that at all. He has one of the lowest heart of the plate swing rates in all of baseball, and he swings at pitches in the chase zone more than average.

Is this some special skill of Ortiz’s? I’m skeptical, not because of anything in particular about his game, but because it doesn’t make intuitive sense. Here’s one way of thinking about it. Here’s a curated list of players with similar gaps between their heart swing rate and chase swing rate: Adley Rutschman, Paul Goldschmidt, CJ Abrams, Logan O’Hoppe, Ke’Bryan Hayes, Bryson Stott, Sal Frelick. I don’t think of those guys as having particularly sterling batting eyes; rather, I hardly think twice about them when it comes to plate discipline. Ortiz outstrips everyone around him when it comes to discerning pitches in the shadow zone, though; the players in this cohort drop their swing rates by 13 percentage points in the transition from shadow-in to shadow-out, and he’s at 27.8 percentage points.

On the other side of the coin, consider the hitters who pick right from wrong at the margins of the zone as well as Ortiz. This group includes hitters like Francisco Lindor, Austin Riley, Masataka Yoshida, Fernando Tatis Jr., Steven Kwan, and Ian Happ. These guys know what they’re doing at the plate. But they swing at more meatballs and get fooled into swinging at fewer chase pitches than Ortiz does by a huge margin; they have a 52 percentage point gap in those two swing rates, as opposed to 37 percentage points for Ortiz.

This is a long-winded way of saying that if you’re looking for the skills that are going to make Ortiz an excellent major league hitter, you need to look beyond his eye at the plate. Does he actually have one of the best eyes in baseball? Almost certainly not. But he probably won’t swing at so few pitches over the heart of the plate going forward either, because he clearly has at least a decent sense of the zone; you don’t end up with numbers like his completely by accident.

So is he one of the best players in baseball when it comes to telling balls from strikes, or merely average? Probably somewhere in the middle, but I think he’ll continue to earn tough walks at an above-average clip. See, part of the reason that his heart swing rate is so bad is that he lets pitchers put him in a hole to start plate appearances. Ortiz takes first pitches more frequently than the league as a whole; he also takes 1-0 and 0-1 pitches more frequently than the league as a whole. Those pitches are disproportionately right down the middle of the plate.

The thing is, Ortiz doesn’t really need to do that. That approach makes more sense if you’re either a slap hitter who wants to work a walk or are hunting a pitch in a particular location. As best as I can tell, neither of these reflects who Ortiz is as a hitter. He does most of his damage right over the middle of the plate, just like you’d expect. He started hitting for more power in 2023, and that’s carried right over into 2024.

Naturally, that power isn’t so easy to understand either. Ortiz swings the bat hard and the average exit velocity of the top half of his batted balls is in the top third of the league. That’s pretty good, but nothing special. He also mishits the ball quite a lot, which is how he ends up with below average exit velocity, sweet spot rate, and squared up rate. In other words, he’s sacrificing some contact consistency to produce loud contact when he does connect.

That’s paying off, because he’s a phenomenal contact hitter. Despite his aggressive hacks, he’s making contact on 92% of the in-zone pitches he swings at, an elite rate. Combine that with his unconventional strike zone mastery, and you have a very tough out. Can you get Ortiz to swing at bad pitches? Most definitely. Is he prone to some mishits? For sure. But those are small headwinds considering all the things Ortiz is doing right at the plate.

Oh yeah, he’s a great defender, too. He’s largely played third this year, but can handle second and shortstop as well. If it weren’t for Willy Adames, he’d probably be the Brewers’ everyday shortstop, and I’d expect Ortiz to take over that role if Adames leaves in free agency after this season. Put simply, Ortiz looks like a future foundational player in Milwaukee.

He doesn’t need to keep up his current pace on offense for that to be the case, which is a good thing. I don’t think he’ll maintain either his outrageous power on contact results or his sterling strikeout-to-walk ratio. If I had to guess, I’d put him down for an offensive line around 10% better than average the rest of the way, a little worse than the expected numbers he’s produced so far in 2024 and much worse than his actual production.

That’s not a disappointment, though. If you went back in time and told last year’s Brewers fans that the team would trade Corbin Burnes, they’d be disappointed. If you told them that the return would be an excellent defensive infielder who hits for power and gets on base, they’d be excited. If you told them that infielder would be around through 2029, they’d be ecstatic. And if you told them they’d get another top prospect (left-hander DL Hall) in the bargain, they probably wouldn’t believe you. The Brewers and Orioles have both come out of the Burnes trade ahead, and Ortiz’s impressive performance is a huge reason why.

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